Due to increasing concerns about Japanese expansion before WWII, the U.S. fortified Dutch Harbor. In 1940, construction began of the Dutch Harbor Naval Operating Base (NOB) and Fort Mears. These became strategically important facilities. On June 3-4, 1942, Dutch Harbor was bombed by Japanese aircraft as part of the Aleutian Campaign. It was one of the only attacks on the continental U.S. territory during WWII. 

The war brought great disruption: Native (Aleut) residents were evacuated (for their “protection”, ostensibly), many were sent to camps in Southeast Alaska. Conditions in the camps were often poor, and many lives were lost. When they returned after the war, many residents found that their homes had been damaged, looted, or otherwise altered. Some smaller villages in the area were never reoccupied, and their people largely assimilated into Unalaska’s population.

Today, the Port of Dutch Harbor is ice-free year-round (an important factor), has deep water, and significant marine infrastructure (e.g. large cranes, shipping routes). It’s a major hub for both U.S. and international fishing and shipping. The wartime evacuations, losses, and resettlements remain a painful part of memory. There are ongoing efforts to preserve history, honor those affected, and educate visitors. The remote location makes life challenging: logistics, weather, transportation, and seasonal population fluctuations affect infrastructure and economy. Yet that remoteness also contributes to its distinctive culture, scenery, natural environment, and appeal.